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百度 　　例如穷人家的孩子会把硬币画得比富人家的孩子更大，夫妻生活中如果经常说起钱那么会影响他们的感情。

????????? (????????: Wikipedia) ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???[3] ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????-?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???[4] ?? ???? ???? ???? '?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???[5] ??? ???? 2020 ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 20 ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? '?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???-??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???[6][7][8][9] ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???

????????? ??? 15 ????? 2001 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???[10] ????? ?? ???? ??? "????" ("????" ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????)[11] ??? "?????????????" (??? "????? ????") ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? 6 ?????? ????? ?? ???, ????????? ????????? 300 ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ????????? ???? ?? ????? 1.5 ?????? ?????? ???? (??????) ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 51 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???[12][13][14]

2005 ???, "?????" ?? "????????????? ??????????" ??? ????????? ?? 42 ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? '?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????[15][16] ???? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? '?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???[17]

????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???, "?????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???" ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???[18][19] ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??, ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????-?-???? ???? ?? ???[20][21] ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? 2017 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 2018 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???[22]

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????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????[23] ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????-????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???[24] ???? ?????? 9 ???? 2000 ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??.?.?. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? '?? ??????? ?? GNU ??? ???????????? ???????' ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? '?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??, ???? ????? ??? ?? ????' ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???[25] 10 ?????, 2001 ???, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? "???????" ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? '?? ????????? ?????[26]

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????? wikipedia.com ??? wikipedia.org (wikipedia.com and wikipedia.org) ??? ??????? 12 ?????, 2001[27] ??? 13 ????? 2001[28] ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ????????? ?? ??????? 15 ????? 2001 ??? www.wikipedia.com '?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???[29] ????????? ?? "??????-???????????" ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???[30]

17 ?????, 2001 ?? ????????? ????

????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???, 2004 ?? ??? ?? ??? 161 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???[31] 2003 ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????-??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? '?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 9 ?????, 2007 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? 1408 ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? 600 ????? ?? ????? ???

????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???,[32] ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? 2002 ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????, ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? wikipedia.com ??? wikipedia.org ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 15 ???? 2002 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????[33]

??????? ??????? ?????????, ???? 2009 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 2007 ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????[34] 2006 ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? 1,800 ??? ????? ???? ????? ??; 2013 ?? ?? ??? ???? 800 ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????[35] ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? '?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? "????? ????? ??" ???? ?? ???? ?? - ?????? ?? ?????? ???' ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ???? '?? ???? ?? ???[36][37]

????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? 2014 ?? ?????? ???? ???

????? 2009 ????, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? 2009 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? 49,000 ?????? ??? ?? ??; ?? ?? ???????, ?? ???????? ??? 2008 ??? ???? 4,900 ?????? ???? ??? ???[38][39] ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????[40] ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 2009 ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????[41] ?? ??? ????, 2011 ????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? 2010 ???? "36,000 ??? ?????? ??? ????" ??? ??? 2011 ???? 35,800 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? "???? ??? ?????" ???[42] ??.??.??. ?? ????????? ????? ??? "????????? ?? ??????" ?????? ?? 2013 ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? '?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? 2007 ???, ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???[43] ????? 2012 ???, ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???[44] ????? 2012 ???, ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? 25 ?????, 2013 ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??, "?????????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??"?[45]

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????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? 2019 ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1000 ????? ??? ???????? ??? 1000 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???

??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? 2007 ????, ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????-?? ???? ???? ???? ????? 42.9 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???, ????????? 9 ??? ???? '?? ??, ??? ???? ?????? (# 10) ??? ??? (# 11) ??? ???????? 9 ??? ????' ?? ??? ????? 2006 ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??, ???? ???? 33 ??? ???? '?? ??, ????????? ?? ??? ???? 18.3 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????[46] ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? 9 ??? ???? ??? 2014 ????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????[47]"?????? ??? ????????" ?? ?????? - 9 ?????, 2014 ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? 18 ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? 500 ?????? ?????? ????? ???[12]

18 ?????, 2012 ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ‘?? ??? ?????????

18 ?????, 2012 ???, ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? - ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? (????) ??? ???????? ???? ??? (??.?????) - ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? 24 ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????[48] 162 ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???[49][50]

?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??, ???????? ???, ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? "??? ?????" ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??.??[51][52]

20 ?????, 2014 ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? 2012 ??? ????? 2013 ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??: ??????? ????????? ?? ???-?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? 17 ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 9 ???????? ?? ?????? ???"[53] ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, "??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ???" ???? ?? ????? '?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????, "?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???, ??????? [???? ?? ???] ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???"

????? 2016 ?? ??? ???, ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???[54]

????? 2013 ????, 274301 ?????????, ??? ?????, ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??; ?????? 2014 ???, ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???; ???, ????? 2015 ???, ?????????, 500,000 ??? 7,473 ??????? ???? ????? ????? 2019 ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???[55]

?????? 2019 ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????, ?????? ?? ??? '?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???; ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???[56][57]

??? 2019 ????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? 16 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???[58]

???????

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??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???

?????? ????????????? ?? ???, ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ?? ??????[note 3] ?? ????? ???? ???[59] ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? - ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??, ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ????????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???

????????

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????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??, ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? '??, ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???' ?? ?????????, ?????????? ???/??? ???-??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???-?????? ??? ???-???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? '?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????[60][61]

??? ??????? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??, ???? ????????? ????? ?? "???? ????????" ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ????????? ????????? ?? ????? 2012 ???? "????? ?????" ??????? ?? ??????? ?????[62] ?? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?????????? ??? ???-??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??-??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???[63]

????????? ?? ?????? ???????/??? ????

???????? ?? ??????

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??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? "????" ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???[note 4] ???????? ????? '??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????' ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? "???????" ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? "???? ????? ?? ????" ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???[64]

2003 ????, ??? ?????? ????.??. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???-??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? "????????? ?????" ?? ??????? "????????? ??????" ?? ??? ???? ???[65]

????? ?? ???-????/ (?????????/???-???)

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??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??? ???-???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???[66] ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???-??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???-???, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???

White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.
?????? ??????? ??? ???????? (1927–2014), ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???

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???????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? 2005 ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????[67] ????????, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ????????? ?? ???-??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ????????? ??? "??? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ???" ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????[68]

??? ????? (???? ??????)

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??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? "???????? ??????" ???????? ?????? ???[74] ??? 2010 ????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? "????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ????" ??????[75]

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video icon Wikimania, 60 Minutes, CBS, 20 minutes, April 5, 2015, co-founder Jimmy Wales at Fosdem

????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? (??? ???? ???????? ??????) ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? "??? ?????" ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????-????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???-?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ????????? ?? ???-???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???[76]

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??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????-????? ???? ???[77] ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? "???????" ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ??? '?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???[78] ????, ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? "???????, ????? ????" ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??, ??????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????[79] ??? ????, ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????[80] ???? ??? ??? ???????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? (??.??.?.??.) ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???

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????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???[85]

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????????? 2005 ?? ????? - ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? 4-8 ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ??? ???

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?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???, 2010 ?? ??? ?????? ???? '?? ?????? ???? ???

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??????? ????????? ??? 6,052,719 ???, 38,723,401 ??????? ?????? ??? 133,318 ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? 30 ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???

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?? ???? ????????? ?? 332 ???????? ?? ?????? ?? (??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ??? ?????????)? ?????? 2020 ??, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?????????, ???????, ???????, ????, ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???[97] ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ????? 2013 ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???

???? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? (????, ??????, ???????, ??????, ????-????, ????????, ??????, ????, ????, ????????, ??? ????????), ??? ????? ???? 500,000 ??? ????? ??? ?? ( ?????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ??? ???????????), 42 ????? ?? ????? 100,000 ??? ??? ??, ??? 84 ????? ?? 10,000 ?? ???? ???[98] ?? ??? ????, ????????? ????????? ??? ??? 6 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? 2019 ???, ??????? ?? ??????, ????????? ??????? (en.wikipedia.org; ????????? ?????????) ????????? ?? ?????? 57% ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? (??????: 9%; ????: 6%); ?????: 6%; ???????: 5%)?

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????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? "???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???"[104] ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????-???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??, ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? (????????? ??? ?????) ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????[105] ?????? ?? ??, ????-???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??,[106] ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???[107] ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??: ?????, ??????, ?????, ????, ???????, ??????, ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????

????? ?? ???-??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????

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???? ?? ????? 2012 ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???-??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? 51% ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? 25% ???[109] ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 2015 ??? ??? ?? 37% ??? ?? ???? ????? ???[110]

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1 ????, 2014 ???, ?? ?????????? ??, "????????? ?? ?????" ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? “[??] ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????"[111] ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? (???-????????? ?????????) ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 2008 ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? 2,000 ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????, 2007 ??? ?????? 50,000 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 2014 ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? 30,000 ??? ?? ???

?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 20,000 ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? '?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??, 2021 ?? ???????? ?????????' ?? ???? 10,000 ????????? ?????? ??????[112] ???? ???, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? (???-????????? ?????????) ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? (???-????????? ?????????) ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????-????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????[113]

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  1. ↑ ????? ???? ?????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated1
  2. ↑ Chapman, Roger (September 6, 2011). "Top 40 Website Programming Languages". rogchap.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  3. ↑ Mark McNeil (October 4, 2011). "Wikipedia Makes A House Call To Mac". The Hamilton Spectator.
  4. ↑ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly.
  5. ↑ "comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012". comScore. September 12, 2012. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  6. ↑ Dewey, Caitlin (December 2, 2015). "Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights—BBC News". BBC. May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
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  11. ↑ "Wiki". Hawaiian Dictionary (Revised and enlarged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. 1986.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen". The New York Times.
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  16. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though". The Register. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  17. ↑ "The 2006 Time 100". Time. May 8, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010) Wikipedia—The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge Archived September 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., History News Network Retrieved October 21, 2014
  19. ↑ J. Petrilli, Michael (Spring 2008/Vol. 8, No. 2) Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Education Next Retrieved October 22, 2014
  20. ↑ Curtis, Cara (2019). "This physicist has written over 500 biographies of women scientists on Wikipedia". thenextweb.com. The Next Web.
  21. ↑ Wade, Jessica (2019). "This is why I've written 500 biographies of female scientists on Wikipedia". independent.co.uk. The Independent.
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  29. ↑ Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges. (PDF) Archived September 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.
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  35. ↑ The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia (PDF). The International Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011.
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  38. ↑ Jenny Kleeman (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
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  40. ↑ Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.
  41. ↑ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  42. ↑ Kevin Rawlinson (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors". The Independent. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  43. ↑ Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on ??? 19, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ↑ "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. July 16, 2012.
  45. ↑ Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.
  46. ↑ "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites". PCWorld. February 17, 2007. Archived from the original on ????? 26, 2018. Retrieved ???? 31, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  48. ↑ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  49. ↑ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves". BBC News. January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
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  51. ↑ Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production. New Media & Society. Sage Journals". New Media & Society. 15 (8): 1294. doi:10.1177/1461444812470428.
  52. ↑ Rebecca J. Rosen (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? ? The Atlantic". Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  53. ↑ Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?". The Economic Times. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  54. ↑ "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on ???? 2, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ↑ Watson, J.M. (2019). "Lest we forget. A new identity and status for a Viola of section Andinium W. Becker; named for an old and treasured friend and companion. Plus another ..." (PDF). International Rock Gardener (117): 47–. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  56. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon". Wired. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  57. ↑ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon—The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun". Vox. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  58. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech—Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes". CNET. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  59. ↑ Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It—Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12487-3. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
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  61. ↑ English Wikipedia's protection policy
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  63. ↑ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing". BBC News. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  64. ↑ Wikipedia:New pages patrol
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  66. ↑ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2.
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  76. ↑ What Wikipedia is not. Retrieved April 1, 2010. "Wikipedia is not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide."
  77. ↑ Notability. Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject."
  78. ↑ Verifiability. February 13, 2008. "Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source."
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  80. ↑ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. Dice.
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  83. ↑ "Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect". January 22, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
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  86. ↑ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  87. ↑ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site". CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  88. ↑ Larry Sanger (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin, Op–Ed. There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)
  89. ↑ Kriplean, Travis Kriplean; Beschastnikh, Ivan; McDonald, David W. (2008). "Articulations of wikiwork". Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars. Proceedings of the ACM. p. 47. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573. ISBN 978-1-60558-007-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) (Subscription required.)
  90. ↑ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  92. ↑ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones". Slate. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
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  102. ↑ Jimmy Wales, "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia", March 8, 2005, <Wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>
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  109. ↑ "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?". The Economist. March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  110. ↑ "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?". The Economist. March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  111. ↑ Andrew Lih. Wikipedia. Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.

Note

  1. ↑ ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ???????? ????????? '?? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
  2. ↑ ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????-??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???
  3. ↑ The procrastination principle dictates that you should wait for problems to arise before solving them.
  4. ↑ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.
  5. ↑ See for example the Biographies of Living Persons Noticeboard or Neutral Point of View Noticeboard, created to address content falling under their respective areas.
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